Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was a physician of the English who invented the vaccine for smallpox cure. He is the man who laid the foundation for immunology (The study of immune system).Smallpox is the leading cause of death in the century to -18. Jenner observed that among pasienya, previously exposed to mild smallpox from cattle, have better immunity. In 1796 he presented a mild smallpox virus to a child. When the child was exposed to the smallpox virus that attacks a human, the child was not infected. He published his findings and a kerkenal as the inventor of vaccination. He also introduced the term virus.
Vaccine
Lighting through biotechnology, various diseases caused by viruses have been avoided by using a vaccine. The vaccine works effectively against diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses.
The basic principle of the use of vaccines is the body produces antibodies to fight the virus attack. The vaccine antigen is a suspension of microorganisms (eg, viral or bacterial pathogen) to a surface or toxins have been killed or weakened. Vaccine (vaccination) causes the body to react to form antibodies, so that resistance to pathogen infection in the future.
Preparation of Vaccine
At first, conventionally made vaccines. History records a variety of vaccines that prevent the discovery of pandemic diseases. 1796, Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for chicken pox disease.
In 1885, Louis Pasteur invented the vaccine for rabies. Then followed the inventor of vaccines for other diseases.
Several types of vaccines are made by conventional methods are as follows:
A. Vaccine derived from the pathogen that has been turned off by chemicals or by heating. For example, influenza vaccine, cholera and hepatitis A. type of vaccine is only a temporary form immune response.
B. Vaccine derived from an attenuated pathogen. for example, measles and mumps vaccines. This type of vaccine immune responses that lead to a longer time.
C. Vaccines derived from pathogenic microorganisms compounds are made inactive. For example, tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
However, the conventional vaccine production has created a variety of adverse side effects, such as the following.
A. Pathogen that is used to make the vaccine may still perform the metabolic processes (in micro-organisms such as bacteria)
B. pathogens that can be used to make the vaccine may still have the ability to cause disease.
C. There are some people who are allergic to cell remnants left behind from the production of vaccines, although the purification process is carried out.
D. the people who work in the manufacture of the vaccine may come in contact with the pathogen, although prevented by a safety (masks and gloves).
To reduce the risk, is now making the vaccine was developed using genetic engineering. The principles of genetic engineering in the manufacture of the vaccine are as follows.
A. isolate (separate) genes of the virus causing illness / pathogen.
B. insert those genes into a bacterial cell or animal cell cultures. Bacterial cells or animal cells that have been inserted gene is called a recombinant.
C. will produce a recombinant antigen. Recombinant will further cultured, in order to obtain large amounts of antigen.
D. antigen was extracted for use as vaccines.
Examples of vaccines that have been made in this way is a vaccine for the disease poliomyelitis, Godong, measles, rubella, and rabies.
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