Preliminary
History of Indonesia covers a very long period of time that began in prehistoric times by the "Java Man" at that time about 500,000 years ago. Period in Indonesia's history can be divided into five eras: pre-colonial era, the rise of the kingdoms of Hindu-Buddhist and Islam in Java and Sumatra, which mainly rely on trade; colonial era, the influx of Europeans (mainly Dutch) who want spice lead colonization by the Dutch for about 3.5 centuries between the early 17th century until the middle of the 20th century: the era of independence, Indonesia after the Declaration of Independence (1945) until the fall of Sukarno (1966); era New Order, Soeharto's 32-year reign (1966 -1998), as well as the reform era that lasted until now.
Prehistorical
Geologically, the area of modern Indonesia appeared roughly around the Pleistocene when it was still connected to mainland Asia. The first settlers of the region is known is that during the human Java around 500,000 years ago. The Indonesian archipelago as it exists today was formed during the melting of the ice after the end of the Ice Age.
Pre-colonial
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Royal master Tarumanagara West Java around 400. In 425 Buddhism has reached the region. During the European Renaissance, Java and Sumatra have inherited a civilization thousands of years old, and along the two great empires that Java's Majapahit and Srivijaya in Sumatra while the western part of Java island kingdom Tarumanagara inherit civilization and the Kingdom of Sunda.
Hindu-Buddhist kingdom
In the 4th century until the 7th century in the region of West Java are patterned Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that followed the royal Tarumanagara Sunda kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. I Ching Chinese explorers visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670. At their peak, Srivijaya controlled the area as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, Majapahit. Duke of Majapahit between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada, succeeded in obtaining power over the territory that is now part of Indonesia and its magnitude is almost all the Malay Peninsula. Inheritance of the Gajah Mada, including the codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.
Islamic Empire
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam had already entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD. It was there that cruise lines are crowded and internationally through the waterway linking the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century. According to Chinese sources by the end of the third quarter the 7th century, Arab traders became the leader of a Muslim Arab settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is evident in the year 100 H (718 AD) King of Srivijaya named Jambi Srindravarman sent a letter to the Caliph 'Umar ibn' Abdul 'Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate and asked for a da `i can explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King of Kings who is a descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife is also grandson thousand kings, who in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, which in the region there are two rivers that irrigate the aloes tree, spices fragrance, nutmeg and lime the delicate fragrance balls to reach a distance of 12 miles, to the King of Saudi who do not associate other gods with God.
I have sent you the gift, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explained to me about the laws. "Two years later, in 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi also known as the Islamic Sribuza. Unfortunately, in the year 730 AD Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang Jambi captured by a still embrace Buddhism.
Strengthen Islam continues to be an institution that espouses political Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called Sultanate Peureulak established on 1 Muharram 225H 839M or 12 November of that year. Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam entered the kingdom in the Maluku islands was in 1440. Imagine a Muslim king named Ullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the people and through assimilation, substituting Hinduism as the main thrust at the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Just keep the majority of Balinese Hindus. On the islands in the east, religion-Christian and Islamic clergy known to have been active in the 16th century and 17, and currently there is a large majority of both religions in the islands.
The spread of Islam carried / pushed through trade relations outside of the archipelago; case, because the preacher was spreading propaganda or envoys of Islamic government that comes from outside Indonesia, to support themselves and their families, the preacher's work by way of trade, the preacher this also spread Islam to the merchants of the natives, to the traders, embraced Islam and also transmit to the rest of the population, as most traders and experts kingdom / empire was the first to adopt the new religion. Sultanate / Kingdom of importance include Pasai Ocean, Sultanate of Banten which have diplomatic relations with the European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram in Yogya / Central Java, and the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore sultanate in the Moluccas in the east.
Dutch Colonization
Beginning in 1602 the Dutch gradually became ruler of what is now Indonesia, by exploiting divisions among small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only thing that is not affected is the former Portuguese colony, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975, when integrated into the Indonesian province named East Timor. Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for a short period in which a fraction of Indonesia ruled Britain after the Anglo-Dutch Java War and the Japanese occupation during World War II. When colonized Indonesia, Dutch East Indies Dutch developed into one of the world's richest colonial rule. 350 years of Dutch colonial rule for some people is a myth because the newly conquered territories Aceh later after Dutch approaching bankruptcy.
VOC
In the 17th century the Dutch East Indies and 18 are not directly controlled by the Dutch government, but by a trading company called the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). VOC was granted a monopoly on trade and colonial activities in the region by the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Its headquarters are in Batavia, now called Jakarta.
The main objective is to maintain the monopoly of the East India Company spice trade in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat of violence against the population of the islands spice, and against people of non-Dutch residents try to trade with them. For example, when the population of the Banda Islands continued to sell nutmeg to British merchants, the Dutch troops were killed or deported virtually the entire population and then populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked on plantations nutmeg. VOC became involved in the internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in several battles involving leaders of Mataram and Banten.
After the VOC went bankrupt at the end of the 18th century, and after a short British rule under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch East India Company took over ownership in 1816. A rebellion was crushed in Java in the Java War in 1825-1830. After cultivation system in 1830, known as the Dutch culture system was implemented. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results of the plantation world market demand at the time, such as tea, coffee etc.. Crop was then exported to foreign countries. This system brings great wealth to the executive - both the Dutch and the Indonesian. Cultivation system is a government monopoly and eliminated during a free after 1870.
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek), which includes greater investment in education for indigenous people, and little political change. Under the governor-general of J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government extend direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and thus establishing the foundation for the current state of Indonesia.
Nationalism Movement
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, [Islamic Trade Unions] formed and then followed in 1908 by the nationalist movement following [Budi Utomo]. Holland responded that after World War I with oppressive measures. Nationalist leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
World War II
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July redirected exports for Japan to the U.S. and Britain. Negotiations with the Japanese aimed to secure supplies of fuel the aircraft failed in June 1941, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. In the same month, factions from Sumatra recipient of Japanese aid to bring about a revolution against the government of the Netherlands. The last Dutch troops defeated Japan in March 1942.
Era Japan
In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can provide answers to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and the Kyai decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, the experience of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia varied considerably, depending on where a person lives and the social status of the person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they suffered torments, involved sex slavery, arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes. The Dutch and mixed Dutch-Indonesian is a target in the control of Japan.
In March 1945, the Japanese form of Business Investigation Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in May, Soepomo discuss national integration and against personal individualism; while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new nation also once claimed Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese East, and throughout the Dutch East Indies before the war.
On August 9, 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Widjodiningrat flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were heading for destruction but the Japanese wanted the independence of Indonesia on August 24.
Independence Era
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make such a decision on August 16, Sukarno read the "Proclamation" on the next day. News of the proclamation spread by radio and fliers while the Indonesian military forces in time of war, Homeland Defence Forces (MAP), the youth, and others went directly to maintain the residence of Sukarno.
On August 18 1945 the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as Vice-President by using a constitution drawn up a few days earlier. Then set up the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as the interim parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31 and willed the Republic of Indonesia which consists of eight provinces of Sumatra, Kalimantan (excluding the territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including Papua) and Nusa southeast.
War of Independence
From 1945 to 1949, the Australian maritime union sympathetic to business freedom, prohibits all Dutch shipping during this conflict that the Netherlands does not have the logistical support and supplies needed to reshape colonial rule.
Dutch attempt to return to power facing strong resistance. After returning to Java, Dutch troops immediately retake the colonial capital of Batavia, as a result of the nationalist makes Yogyakarta as their capital. At December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after 4 years of war and negotiation, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands transfer sovereignty to the Federal Government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the United Nations.
Parliamentary Democracy
Not long after, Indonesia adopted a new law which consists of the parliamentary system in which the executive board elected by and accountable to Parliament or Assembly. MPR divided the political parties before and after the first election in 1955, so that a stable coalition government is difficult to achieve.
The role of Islam in Indonesia be a tricky thing. Soekarno prefer a secular state based on Pancasila while some Muslim groups prefer an Islamic state or a law contains a section menyaratkan Muslims submit to Islamic law.
Guided Democracy
Failed uprising in Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java and other islands that began in 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. As a result in 1959 when President Soekarno unilaterally revived the provisional constitution of 1945, which gives a great presidential power, he did not encounter many obstacles.
From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno to power in the authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy". He also Indonesia's foreign policy shift towards non-alignment policy supported key leaders of its former colonies who rejected formal alliances with Western Bloc and the Soviet Block. The leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java in 1955 in the Asia-Africa Summit to establish a foundation that would become the Non-Aligned Movement.
In the late 1950's and early 1960's, Soekarno moved closer to the Communist countries of Asia and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in the country. Although the PKI was the largest communist party in the world outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support never showed obedience to the Communist Party's ideological as in other countries.
Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
Sukarno opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and said that it is a "neo-colonial plan" to facilitate British commercial plans in the region. In addition to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, it is considered to expand the influence of imperialism of Western countries in the region and provide a gap for the United Kingdom and Australia to influence regional politics of Asia. In response to the UN's decision to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia tetab not members of UN Security Council, President Sukarno of Indonesia announced his resignation from the membership of the United Nations on January 20, 1965 and established the New Power Conference (CONEFO) as opposed to the UN and as a rival event, The Ganefo Olympics. In this confrontation also then lead to a battle between the forces of Indonesia and Malaysia (which is aided by the British).
The fate of West Papua and West Papua Conflict
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to maintain control over the western half of the island of New Guinea (Irian), and allow the steps toward self-government and the declaration of independence on December 1, 1961.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the territory into Indonesia failed, and the Indonesian paratroopers landed in New Guinea on December 18 before being a battle between the forces of Indonesia and the Netherlands in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressured the Dutch to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia that led to the New York in August 1962, and Indonesia took control terhadapa Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963.
September 30th Movement/G30 S PKI
Until 1965, the CPI has mastered many of Sukarno's mass organization formed to strengthen support for his regime and, with the approval of Sukarno, began a campaign to establish a "Fifth Force" to arm his supporters. Military officials oppose this.
On 30 September 1965, six senior generals and several others were killed in a coup attempt blamed on the palace guards loyal to the Communist Party. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Major General Suharto coup was crushed and turned against the Communist Party. Suharto then use this situation to take over. Over tens of thousands of people accused of communism and then killed. The death toll reached at least 500,000 in 1966, the most severe in Java and Bali.
Era New Order
After Suharto became president, one of the first thing he did was enroll Indonesia a UN member again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue its cooperation with the UN and continued participation in the activities of the United Nations", and became a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia received the first time.
In 1968, the Assembly was formally inaugurated Soeharto for 5-year terms as president, and he was then sworn in again in a row in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.
President Soeharto started the "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy and the country from the path of Soekarno at the end of his term. New Order selecting improvements and economic development as a primary objective and to take policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military, but with the advice of economists Western education. During his reign, these policies, and the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale generating substantial economic growth but uneven in Indonesia. For example, the number of hungry people reduced substantially in the 1970s and the 1980s. He also enrich himself, his family, and his close sticking through rampant corruption.
Irian Jaya
After refusing the supervision of the United Nations, the Indonesian government implemented "Act of Free Choice" (Free Choice Actions) in Irian Jaya in 1969 where 1025 deputy heads Irian selected and then provided training in Indonesian. They ultimately chose to join the consensus Indonesia. A UN General Assembly resolution then ensure the transfer of power to Indonesia. The rejection of the Indonesian government raises guerilla activities of small-scale in the years following the transfer of power. In a more open atmosphere after 1998, these statements are more explicit that want independence from Indonesia has appeared.
Timor Timur
From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor, known as Portuguese Timor and separated from the north coast of Australia by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, Portugal officials abruptly withdrew from East Timor in 1975. In local elections in 1975, Fretilin, the party that led in part by the people who brought Marxism, and UDT, became the largest parties, having previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal.
On December 7, 1975, Indonesian troops into East Timor. Indonesia, which has a material and diplomatic support, assisted equipment supplied weapons that the United States and Australia, hoping to have their East Timorese will acquire additional oil and natural gas, as well as a strategic location.
In the early days, the Indonesian military (ABRI) kills nearly 200,000 East Timorese - through murder, forced starvation and others. Many human rights violations that occurred when East Timor was in Indonesia.
On August 30, 1999, the people of East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia in a UN vote held. Approximately 99% of the voting population participated; 3/4-nya for independence. Immediately after the results were announced, it was said that the continued destruction of the Indonesian military in East Timor, such as infrastructure damage in the area.
In October 1999, 1976 MPR decree canceling integrate East Timor into Indonesia, and the United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTAET) took over responsibility for governing East Timor so that full independence achieved in May 2002.
Crisis Economic
Suharto announced his resignation accompanied by BJ Habibie.
In mid-1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial and economic crisis (for more details see: the Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and the price of oil, gas and other commodities are increasingly falling. Dollar falls, inflation rises sharply and accelerated capital movements. The demonstrators, who initially led the students, demanding the resignation of Soeharto. Amid the turmoil of widespread popular anger, as well as thousands of students occupying the building DPR / MPR, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR melantiknya for a term of seven. Suharto then choose the Vice-President, B. J. Habibie, to become the third president of Indonesia.
The Habibie government reform era
President Habibie soon form a cabinet. One important task is to regain the support of the International Monetary Fund and community donors for the economic recovery program. He also freed political prisoners and easing controls on freedom of speech and organization activities.
Government Abdul Rahman Wahid (Gus Dur)
Elections to the Assembly, Parliament, and Parliament held on June 7, 1999. PDI-P leader Sukarno's daughter, Megawati came out the winner in parliamentary elections by getting 34% of the votes; Golkar (Suharto party - always a winner before previous elections) gained 22%, the United Development Party leader Hamzah Haz 12%; Party National Awakening leader Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) 10%. In October 1999, the Assembly inaugurated as president Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati as a vice president for a term of 5 years. Wahid formed his first cabinet, the National Unity Cabinet in early November 1999 and did reshuffled his cabinet in August 2000.
President Wahid continue the process of democratization and economic development under challenging situations. In addition to the continuing economic uncertainty, governments also face conflicts between ethnic and inter-religious, especially in Aceh, Maluku and Papua. In West Timor, the problems caused by the East Timorese people who have no place to live and mayhem committed by the militant pro-Indonesia East Timor resulted in humanitarian issues and social. MPR is increasingly putting pressure challenging the policies of President Wahid, causing political debate overwhelming.
The Government of Megawati
In the first parliamentary session in August 2000, President Wahid provide accountability reports. On January 29, 2001, thousands of protesters stormed the Assembly and ask the President to resign by reason of his involvement in a corruption scandal. Under pressure from the Assembly to improve the management and coordination within the government, he circulated a presidential decree that gives the state power daily to the vice president Megawati. Megawati took over as president shortly afterwards.
The Government of Susilo bambang yudoyono
In 2004, the biggest one-day election in the world held and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono appears as the new president of Indonesia. The new government at the beginning of its work has received numerous trials and challenges, such as a major earthquake in Aceh and Nias in December 2004 that devastated most of the devastating earthquake in Aceh and another in early 2005 that shook Sumatra.
On July 17, 2005, an historic agreement was achieved between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement aimed at ending the 30-year long conflict in Aceh.
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